mathematics

Mathematics (from Greek: μαθηματικά - Mathematics) is the study of the extent, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, to formulate new conjectures and establish truth by rigorous deduction from the axiom-aksiomadan corresponding definitions.There is disagreement about whether mathematical objects like numbers and dots are present naturally, or was manmade. A mathematician Benjamin Peirce called mathematics as "the science that describes the important conclusions". On the other hand, Albert Einstein stated that "as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality."Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics evolved from counting, calculation, measurement, and systematic assessment of the wake and the movement of physical objects.Mathematics has become a practical human activity since the existence of written records. Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid, Elements.Mathematics is always evolving, for example in China in 300 BC, in India in the year 100 AD, and in Arabic in 800 AD, until the Renaissance, when new findings mathematics interact with new scientific discoveries that lead to a rapid increase in the rate of discovery mathematics that continues today.Now, mathematics is used worldwide as an important tool in many fields, including natural sciences, engineering, medicine / medical, and social sciences such as economics, and psychology. Applied mathematics, a branch of mathematics that surrounds the application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires and makes use of new mathematical discoveries and sometimes leads to the development of the disciplines are completely new, such as statistics and game theory.The mathematician also wrestled in pure mathematics, or mathematics for the development of mathematics itself, without any application in mind, although practical applications as settings for the emergence of pure mathematics it is often found of later.Evolution can be viewed as a series of mathematical abstraction that has always abounded, or other words of the expansion point.Initial abstraction, which also applies to many animals, is about numbers: a statement that two apples and two oranges (for example) have the same number.In addition to knowing how to enumerate the objects of physics, it also recognizes how prehistoric man chopping abstract quantities, like time-to-day, season, year. Basic arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) to follow naturally.The next step requires a writing or other system to record numbers, such as rope or knotted strings called Quipu used by the Inca to store numerical data. Number systems there are many and varied, the first written numbers known to exist in the manuscript legacy of Ancient Egypt in the Middle Kingdom Egyptian Rhind Mathematical Gazette.
Mathematics has since flourished immediately, and there is a beneficial interaction between mathematics and science, benefiting both parties. Mathematical discoveries made throughout history and continues today. According to Mikhail B. Sevryuk, in the January 2006 issue of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, "The number of papers and books that were included in the Mathematical Reviews database since 1940 (first year of operation of MR) now exceeds 1.9 million, and more than 75 thousand articles added to the base data every year. Most of the works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and their proofs. "The use of mathematics is the oldest in the trade, land measurement, painting, and weaving patterns and recording the time and never flourished until the year 3000 BC to face when the Babylonians and ancient Egyptians began to use arithmetic, algebra, and geometry for the calculation of tax and other financial matters, building and construction, and astronomy. Systematic assessment of mathematics in the truth itself begins in ancient Greece between 600 and 300 BC.